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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="SQL#Standardization_history" title="SQL">SQL language revisions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

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<p><b>SQL:1999</b> (also called SQL 3) was the fourth revision of the <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> <a href="Query_language" title="Query language">query language</a>. It introduced many new features, many of which required clarifications in the subsequent <a href="SQL%3A2003" title="SQL:2003">SQL:2003</a>. In the meanwhile SQL:1999 is deprecated.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2></div>

<p>The ISO standard documents were published between 1999 and 2002 in several installments, the first one consisting of multiple parts. Unlike previous editions, the standard's name used a colon instead of a hyphen for consistency with the names of other <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards. The first installment of SQL:1999 had five parts:

</p>

<ul><li>SQL/Framework <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26196">ISO/IEC 9075-1:1999</a></li>

<li>SQL/Foundation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26197">ISO/IEC 9075-2:1999</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/CLI" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL/CLI">SQL/CLI</a> : an updated definition of the extension Call Level Interface, originally published in 1995, also known as CLI-95 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=30609">ISO/IEC 9075-3:1999</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">SQL/PSM</a> : an updated definition of the extension Persistent Stored Modules, originally published in 1996, also known as PSM-96 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=29864">ISO/IEC 9075-4:1999</a></li>

<li>SQL/Bindings <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26198">ISO/IEC 9075-5:1999</a></li></ul>

<p>Three more parts, also considered part of SQL:1999 were published subsequently:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="SQL/MED" title="SQL/MED">SQL/MED</a> Management of External Data (SQL:1999 part 9) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=31370">ISO/IEC 9075-9:2001</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/OLB" title="SQL/OLB">SQL/OLB</a> Object Language Bindings (SQL:1999 part 10) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=30613">ISO/IEC 9075-10:2000</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL/JRT</a> SQL Routines and Types using the Java Programming Language (SQL:1999 part 13) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=35340">ISO/IEC 9075-13:2002</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_features">New features</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_types">Data types</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boolean_data_types">Boolean data types</h4></div>

<p>The SQL:1999 standard calls for a Boolean type,.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a> supports boolean values since around 11.1.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> supports storage for booleans using "BIT" data type. <a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> interprets "BOOL" and "BOOLEAN" as a mapping for its native TINYINT(1) type.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> provides a standard conforming Boolean type.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a> has proper boolean since Release 23.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distinct_user-defined_types_of_power">Distinct user-defined types of power</h4></div>

<p>Sometimes called just <i>distinct types</i>, these were introduced as an optional feature (S011) to allow existing atomic types to be extended with a distinctive meaning to create a new type and thereby enabling the type checking mechanism to detect some logical errors, e.g. accidentally adding an age to a salary. For example:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="k">create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">age</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">integer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FINAL</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="k">create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">salary</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">integer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FINAL</span><span class="p">;</span>

</pre></div>

<p>creates two different and incompatible types. The SQL distinct types use name equivalence not <a href="Structural_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural equivalence">structural equivalence</a> like <a href="Typedef" title="Typedef">typedefs</a> in C. It's still possible to perform compatible operations on (columns or data) of distinct types by using an explicit type <code>CAST</code>.

</p><p>Few SQL systems support these. <a href="IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a> is one those supporting them.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Oracle_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle database">Oracle database</a> did not support them as of 2012, recommending instead to emulate them by a one-place <a href="Structured_type" title="Structured type">structured type</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structured_user-defined_types">Structured user-defined types</h4></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Structured_type" title="Structured type">structured type</a></div>

<p>These are the backbone of the <a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_database" title="Object–relational database">object–relational database</a> extension in SQL:1999. They are analogous to <a href="Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">classes</a> in <a href="Objected-oriented_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Objected-oriented programming language">objected-oriented programming languages</a>. SQL:1999 allows only <a href="Single_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Single inheritance">single inheritance</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_table_expressions_and_recursive_queries">Common table expressions and recursive queries</h3></div>

<p>SQL:1999 added a WITH [RECURSIVE] construct allowing recursive queries, like <a href="Transitive_closure" title="Transitive closure">transitive closure</a>, to be specified in the query language itself; see <a href="Common_table_expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Common table expressions">common table expressions</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_OLAP_capabilities">Some <a href="OLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="OLAP">OLAP</a> capabilities</h3></div>

<p>GROUP BY was extended with ROLLUP, CUBE, and GROUPING SETS.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role-based_access_control">Role-based access control</h3></div>

<p>Full support for <a href="RBAC" class="mw-redirect" title="RBAC">RBAC</a> via CREATE ROLE.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keywords">Keywords</h3></div>

<p>SQL:1999 introduced the UNNEST keyword.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26197">ISO/IEC 9075-2:1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224232956/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26197">Archived</a> 2016-12-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> section 4.6 Boolean types</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSEPGG_11.1.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.wn.doc/doc/c0061179.html#c0061179__FP1">https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSEPGG_11.1.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.wn.doc/doc/c0061179.html#c0061179__FP1</a></span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/other-vendor-data-types.html">"MySQL :: MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual :: 11.4 Using Data Types from Other Database Engines"</a>. Dev.mysql.com. 2010-01-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207011906/http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/other-vendor-data-types.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-boolean.html">"PostgreSQL documentation about Boolean Type"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053449/https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-boolean.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/23/sqlrf/Data-Types.html#GUID-285FFCA8-390D-4FA9-9A51-47B84EF5F83A">https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/23/sqlrf/Data-Types.html#GUID-285FFCA8-390D-4FA9-9A51-47B84EF5F83A</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/dzichelp/v2r2/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.db2z10.doc.intro%2Fsrc%2Ftpc%2Fdb2z_distincttypes.htm">"IBM Information Management Software for z/OS Solutions Information Center"</a>. Publib.boulder.ibm.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/ap_standard_sql003.htm">"Oracle Compliance To Core SQL:2003"</a>. Docs.oracle.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202042209/http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/ap_standard_sql003.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFJonesStephensPlewGarrett2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Arie; Stephens, Ryan K.; Plew, Ronald R.; Garrett, Robert F.; Kriegel, Alex (2005). "Appendix B ANSI and Vendor Keywords". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcE1qCobUfcC"><i>SQL Functions Programmer's Reference</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 680. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780764598074</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFJim_MeltonAlan_R._Simon2002" class="citation book cs1">Jim Melton; Alan R. Simon (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sql1999understan0000melt"><i>SQL:1999: Understanding Relational Language Components</i></a></span>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55860-456-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJim_Melton2003" class="citation book cs1">Jim Melton (2003). <i>Advanced SQL, 1999: Understanding Object–Relational and Other Advanced Features</i>. Morgan Kaufmann. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55860-677-7</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="SEQUEL" class="mw-redirect" title="SEQUEL">SEQUEL</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="SQL_reserved_words" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL reserved words">Keywords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Create_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Create (SQL)">Create</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Delete_(SQL)" title="Delete (SQL)">Delete</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Group_by_(SQL)" title="Group by (SQL)">Group by</a></span></li>

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<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Insert_(SQL)" title="Insert (SQL)">Insert</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Merge_(SQL)" title="Merge (SQL)">Merge</a></span></li>

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<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="Set_operations_(SQL)" title="Set operations (SQL)">Union</a></span></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar Codd</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC SQL parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Framework</li>

<li>Foundation</li>

<li><a href="SQL/CLI" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL/CLI">Call-Level Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/PSM" title="SQL/PSM">Persistent Stored Modules</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/MED" title="SQL/MED">Management of External Data</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/OLB" title="SQL/OLB">Object Language Bindings</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/Schemata" title="SQL/Schemata">Information and Definition Schemas</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language</a></li>

<li><a href="SQL/XML" title="SQL/XML">XML-Related Specifications</a></li></ul>

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